Do you know what is character set?

CHARACTER SET

A set of valid characters recognized by python. Python uses the traditional ASCII character set. The latest version recognizes the Unicode character set. The ASCII character set is a subset of the Unicode 

Character set 

Letters :–A-Z, a-z 

Digits :– 0-9 

Special symbols :– special symbol available over keyboard 

White spaces:– blank space, tab, carriage return, new line, form feed 

Other characters:- Unicode 

TOKEN

Smallest individual unit in a program is known as token. 

1. Keywords 

2. Identifiers 

3. Literals 

4. Operators 

5. Punctuators  

Keywords 

Keywords are reserved words that convey a special meaning to the language compiler. Reserve word of the compiler/interpreter which can’t be used as identifier.

Identifiers

An identifier is a  sequence of letters and numbers. Identifier is name used to identify a variable, function, class, module or other object. It is created by programmer using characters.

1. An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an underscore (_) followed by zero or more letters, underscores and digits (0 to 9). 
2. Programming languages does not allow special characters. 
3. Identifier must not be a keyword 
4. It is a case sensitive programming language. Because, it treats upper and lower case characters differently

Literals

Literals can be defined as number, text, or other data that represent values to be stored in variables. They are data items that never change their values during a program run.

Operators

Operators can be defined as symbols that are used to perform operations on operands

Types of operators 

1. Arithmetic Operators. 

2. Relational Operators. 

3. Assignment Operators. 

4. Logical Operators. 

5. Bitwise Operators 

6. Membership Operators 

7. Identity Operators

Punctuators / Separators

It is used to implement the grammatical and structure of a syntax and enhances program's readability and give proper meaning to statements, expressions, etc. These are the punctuators. [ ] ( ) { } , ; : * = #  

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Introduction to Python

INTRODUCTION 

Python is widely used general purpose, high level programming language. Developed by Guido van Rossum in 1991. It is used for software development, web development (server-side), system scripting, mathematics. 

Features of Python 

1. Easy to use – Due to simple syntax rule 

2. Interpreted language – Code execution & interpretation line by line 

3. Cross-platform language – It can run on windows, linux,   etc.                equally 

4. Expressive language – Less code to be written as it itself express the purpose        of the code. 

5. Completeness – Support wide rage of library 

6. Free & Open Source – Can be downloaded freely and source code can be modify for improvement Shortcomings of Python 

1. Lesser libraries – as compared to other programming languages like C++, Java, .Net 

2. Slow language – as it is interpreted languages, it executes the program slowly. 

3. Weak on Type-binding – It not pin point on use of a single variable for different data type.

 

Input and Output   

variable1=‘Python Programming' 

variable2=‘Java Programming ' 

print(variable1,' and ',variable2,' ) 

Output :Python Programming and Java Programming 

raw_input() function in Python allows a user to give input to a program from a keyboard but in the form of string. 

 

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Introduction to C++

Introduction to C++

C++ programming language was developed by AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1979 by Bjarne Stroustrup. C++ is fully based on object oriented programming technology i.e. C++ is ultimate paradigm for the modeling of information. C++ is the successor of C language. It is a case sensitive language.  

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Introduction to java

HISTORY OF JAVA

1990 - Development started.

1991 - Announced a new language named OAK.

1992 - The green project team by sun micro system demonstrated the application of their new language.

1993 - Development of web applets

1994 - Developed a web browser called HOT JAVA

1995 - OAK renamed as JAVA

1996 - Sun micro system released JDK (Java Development Kit)

1997 - Released JDK 1.1

FEATURES OF JAVA

1. Compiled and interpreted

    In java programs, the program is compiled using compiler and executed using interpreter. After              compilation it generates an intermediate byte code and then interpreter runs that byte code.

    Java code 🠊(compile)🠊byte code🠊(interpret)🠊Output

2. Platform independent and portable

    The java is platform independent because it works in any application. We can easily move or transfer     the program in java to any other system(portable).

3. Object oriented

    Java is pure object oriented programming language. Every program in java is developed using class. 

4. Robust and secure

    Robust means powerful or strong. The java programs checks datatypes strictly in compilation and run     time. Compared to C++ there is a strong exception handling mechanism. Viruses are created using        pointers. In java there is no pointer concept and we cannot access any address. So the system is            secure.

5. Distributed

    A big java program we can divide and do it in different systems and we can combine together into        one system. (Java enables multiple programmers at multiple locations to collaborate and to work            together on a single project)

6. Simple, small and familiar

    Java is simple and small compared to other programming language. Java doesn't use pointers,                preprocessor header files, go to statements, it eliminates operator overloading and multiple                    inheritance. Java is an advanced version of C++. 

7. Multi threaded and inheritance

    In java, we can perform multiple task simultaneously. The interactivity performance is high. 

8. High performance

    Compared to C and C++, java performance speed is high, secure, distributed and multi threaded. 

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Java is simple and powerful. Let's see

 

 INTRODUCTION

What is Java? 

Java is a popular programming language created in 1995. It is owned by Oracle, and more than 3 billion devices run Java. It is a general purpose object oriented programming language. It is used for: 

•  Mobile applications  
•  Desktop applications 
•  Web applications 
•  Web servers and application servers 
•  Games 
•  Database connection 

Why Java is using as a programming language? 

Java works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, etc.) 

•  It is one of the most popular programming language in the world 
•  It is easy to learn and simple to use 
•  It is open-source and free
•  It is secure, fast and powerful 
•  Java is an object oriented language which gives a clear structure to programs and allows code to be reused, lowering development costs 
•  As Java is close to C++ and C, it makes it easy for programmers to switch to Java or vice versa.

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Programming tricks for beginners

 

Programming is a skill to do coding efficiently. Writing code can sometimes be the most difficult part of any software development process. A good code  is maintainable, reusable and testable. While coding we should remember few points. The best practice for writing the code including these facts. The code should be standard, every individual programmer can create your own coding standard. While writing code write useful comments. These comments make programming easier for yourself and those after you have to maintain your code. The programmer should use meaningful names for variable and functions or methods in the function . It is easy to understand the variable and functions  if we use meaningful names in program. Structuring your application is very important factor, don't use complicated structures. So use meaningful structures in program.    

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What to do before start learning programming ?

 Introduction

First we should learn how a computer works inside. Why algorithms are needed for computation? Why memory is needed? Basically every computer program have three parts accept user input, process the computation, display the output(result). The algorithms are used to do the computation and memory is needed to store the desired output(result). 

What is  an algorithm? 

Algorithm is a set of rules that defines how a particular problem can be solved in a finite number of steps. ( Algorithm is the step by step solution to a given  problem) It start with a start keyword and ends with a stop keyword.

Example

Algorithm for adding two numbers

Step 1: Start

Step 2: Input two numbers

Step 3: Process ( calculate the sum)

Step 4: Display the output

Step 5: Stop

After writing algorithm we have to draw the pictorial part to study the problem easily. for that one concept is there flowchart.

What is a flowchart?

Flowchart is the pictorial representation of the algorithm. It is the easier way to understand the problem. There are different flowchart symbols

   Flowchart symbols                                                                         Flowchart for adding two numbers

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